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Fabian Boesl Max Engel Rodrigo C. Eco JaN B. Galang Lia A. Gonzalo Francesca Llanes Eva Quix Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1393-1410
Coastal boulder fields provide clues to long-term frequency-magnitude patterns of coastal flooding events and have the potential to play an important role in coastal hazard assessment. Mapping boulders in the field is time and labour-intensive, and work on intertidal reef platforms, as in the present study, is physically challenging. By addressing coastal scientists who are not specialists in remote sensing, this contribution reports on the possibilities and limitations of digital applications in boulder mapping in Eastern Samar, Philippines, where recent supertyphoons Haiyan and Hagupit induced high waves, coastal flooding and boulder transport. It is demonstrated how satellite imagery of sub-metre resolution (from Pléiades and WorldView-3 imagery) enables efficient analysis of transport vectors and distances of larger boulders, reflecting variation in latitudes of both typhoon tracks and approaching angles of typhoon-generated waves. During the investigated events, boulders with a-axes of up to 8 m were clearly identified to have been shifted for up to 32 m, mostly along the seaward margin of the boulder field. It is, however, hard to keep track of smaller boulders, and the length of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation is often impossible to map with sufficient accuracy. Orthophotographs and digital surface models created through the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle and the ‘Structure from Motion’ technique provide ultra-high-resolution data, and have the potential to not only improve the results of satellite image analysis, but also those from field mapping and may significantly reduce overall time in the field. Orthophotographs permit unequivocal mapping of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation, while precise values for c-axes can be derived from the respective digital surface models. Volume of boulders is best inferred from boulder-specific Structure from Motion-based three-dimensional models. Battery power, flight speed and altitude determine the limits of the area covered, while patches shielded by the boulders are difficult to resolve. For some tasks, field mapping remains mandatory and cannot be replaced by currently available remote sensing tools: for example, sampling for rock type, density and age dating, recording of lithological separation of boulders from the underlying geological unit and of geomorphic features on a millimetre to decimetre-scale, or documentation of fine-grained sediment transport in between the boulders in supratidal settings. In terms of future events, the digital products presented here will provide a valuable reference to track boulder transport on a centimetre to decimetre-scale and to better understand the hydrodynamics of extreme-wave events on a fringing reef coastline. 相似文献
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选取1981—2018年影响广西且灾情记录比较完整的86个台风样本,基于台风灾害伤亡人数、直接经济损失划分灾情等级,选取致灾因子,利用遗传算法与神经网络相结合的方法建立广西台风灾害评估模型。结果表明:选取的台风灾害致灾因子与台风灾情等级之间具有显著的相关性,构建的遗传—神经网络集合预报模型对台风灾情预估效果较好,训练样本拟合一致率为86.1%,测试样本预报准确率为71.4%,其中严重和较重的台风灾情等级预报结果与实况基本一致,较轻等级的预报准确率达83.3%。 相似文献
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本文利用台风移动方程对作用在台风上的各力进行了诊断分析:主要力是气压梯度力和地转偏向力,二者同量级,其他各力约小1-3个量级;当台风加速移动时,气压梯度力小于地转编向力;减速移动时,气压梯度力大于地转偏向力。用预报方程计算得到的台风路径与实际台风路径在趋势上近于一致,预报误差约为200km。 相似文献
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本文利用最大熵谱分别计算了南极4个区海冰和西北太平洋台风发生频数的变化周期,并对前3年的南极海冰强弱和当年的台风发生频率数进行了逐月时间序列相关分析。 相似文献
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本文从动力学的角度研究了台风流场与台风运动的关系,在实际预报中考虑地形摩擦改变的流场对台风移动的影响取得了明显的效果。 相似文献
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0214号热带气旋强度突变的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文通过对0214号“黄蜂”强度变化的研究表明,弱冷空气、中尺度涡旋及副高加强西伸相互作用,导致其周围风场、物理量场、能量场、云系均出现有利结构,从而使其强度发生突变。 相似文献
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A coupled wave–tide–surge model has been developed in this study in order to investigate the effect of the interactions among tides, storm surges, and wind waves. The coupled model is based on the synchronous dynamic coupling of a third-generation wave model, WAM cycle 4, and the two-dimensional tide–surge model. The surface stress, which is generated by interactions between wind and wave, is calculated by using the WAM model directly based on an analytical approximation of the results using the quasi-linear theory of wave generation. The changes in bottom friction are created by the interactions between waves and currents and calculated by using simplified bottom boundary layer model. In consequence, the combined wave–current-induced bottom velocity and effective bottom drag coefficient were increased in the shallow waters during the strong storm conditions. 相似文献